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"British Columbia was discovered, explored and settled by Aboriginal or Native people."
Dr. Ed Whitcomb
![](feb22-19%201726%20Vitus%20Bering2.jpg)
![](feb22-19%201741%2000%2000%20Bering%20Map.jpg)
![](feb22-19%201754%20Millers%20Map.jpg)
![](bc 001 1774 Juan Perez.jpg)
![](bc 002 1778 Cook.jpg)
Captain Cook meets the West Coast Indians at Nootka, 1778. LAC Acc. No. 1972-26-765, Charles W. Jefferys, 1920s or 1930s
![](feb22-19%201778%20Maquinna2.jpg)
Chief Maquinna of Nootka Sound, Tomas de Suria, 1791
![](Dec%2019%201788%20Friendly%20Cove2.jpg)
Friendly Cove
![](bc 004 1778 Friendly Cove2.jpg)
Habitations at Nootka Sound, 1778. LAC Acc. No. R9266-2667 Peter Winkworth Collection of Canadiana, John Webber, 1812
![](bc 005 1778 native2.jpg)
A Man of Nootka Sound, 1778. LAC Acc. No. 1991-265-232, John Webber
![](bc 006 1778 natives.jpg)
Inhabitants of Nootka. LAC C-033614, Gallo Gallina
![](bc 007 1778 Natives Nootka.jpg)
Natives Outside a Communal House, Nootka / Indiens à l'extérieur d'une loge communale à Nootka. LAC C-002822, John Webber, March 29-April 26, 1778
![](bc 008 1778 weaving.jpg)
Interior of a House with Women Weaving, Nootka Sound / Femmes en train de tisser dans une habitation du détroit de Nootka. Acc. No. 1991-265-234, John Webber, March 29-April 26, 1778
![](Feb 15 18 1778 sea otter.jpg)
![](bc 009 1788 09 20 North West America .jpg)
The Launch of the North West America at Nootka Sound. La mise à l'eau du North West America à la baie Nootka. LAC Acc. No. R9266-3477 Collection de Canadiana Peter Winkworth, Conrad Martin Metz, ca. 1790
![](feb22-19%201791%20Friendly%20Cove.jpg)
![](bc 010 1789 dispute.jpg)
The Spanish Insult to the British Flag at Nootka Sound, 1789. LAC Acc. No. R9266-3257 Peter Winkworth Collection of Canadiana, Robert Dodd, 1748-1816
![](Summer 1790 12 01 Nootka.jpg)
![](Summer 1790 Callicum and Maquinna.jpg)
Callicum and Maquilla. Chiefs of Nootka Sound. LAC C-027699, 1790
![](Sept%202019%201791%2007%2000%20Narvaez.jpg)
![](Feb%2028%202022%201791%20Columbia%20Winter%20Quarters%20George%20Davidson.jpg)
[Boston fur trader Robert Gray, captain of the ship Columbia, wintered near Tofino in 1791-92. In May 1792, just 200 miles south, he discovered the river Britain's George Vancouver had missed, and named it the Columbia.]
George Davidson, artist, public domain, Wikimedia Commons
![](bc 012 1792 Vancouve Burrard.jpg)
![](bc 013 1792 Vancouver.jpg)
Captain George Vancouver's arrival on the West Coast, June 1792, Dr. Charles Comfort, 1939
![](bc 014 1792 Vancouver Burrard.jpg)
![](bc 015 1792 Burrard Inlet.jpg)
Captain George Vancouver Exploring Burrard Inlet, 1792, John Innes and George Southwell, 1925
![](bc 016 1792 00 00 Vancouver point grey.jpg)
Commander Vancouver Meeting the Spanish off Point Grey, 1792, John Innes, 1925
![](bc 017 1792 Vancouver Valdez.jpg)
![](bc 018 1792 Vancouver120.jpg)
![](bc 019 1792 08 28 Vancouver Noo113.jpg)
August 1792
![](DeFib 1792 Van. QuadraREPLACE.jpg)
COURAGE
![](DeFib 1792 Van QuadraREPLACE.jpg)
Murals prepared for the rotunda at the BC Legisture by George Southwell in 1933. He was asked to illustrate "the historical qualities necessary for the establishment of a civilization [Courage 1792, Enterprise 1843, Labour 1843 and Justice 1874]."
![](bc 022 1793 Mackenzie Rockies440.jpg)
![](bc 023 1793 Mackenzie Fraser.jpg)
Grease trail followed by Alexander Mackenzie
http://www.quesnelmuseum.ca/FootprintsInStone/History/Grease-Trail.html
http://www.bcfoodhistory.ca/ooligan-grease-by-gale-smith/
"What constitutes geographical exploration and discovery? It doesn't seem that an individual being led through a land by the land's occupants should count on discovering it, except in a personal sense. Mackenzie and his team should more accurately be called travelers. They were not exploring a land devoid of inhabitants; they were touring distant, populated lands for eastern economic interests."
Stephen R. Brown, The Company The Rise and Fall of the Hudson's Bay Company.
![](Feb 15 18 1793 00 00 Mackenzie.jpg)
![](Canuck 1793 MackenzieREPLACE.jpg)
Charles W Jefferys 1920s or 1930s
![](bc 026 1793 Mackenzie Bella Coola.jpg)
![](bc 027 1793 Mackenzie hostile.jpg)
![](bc 028 1793 00 00 Mackenzie rock.jpg)
Alexander Mackenzie Recording his Arrival at the Pacific, 1793, John Innes, 1925
John Innes depicted highlights of the province's romantic history. His pictures are heroic in conception – of great events and 'men with empires in their bosoms.'
![](May%207%202021%201793%20Inscription.jpg)
1793 Inscription by Sir Alexander Mackenzie on a rock in Dean Channel, near Bella Coola, BC, Archives A-02312
![](bc 029 1795 Friendly cove119.jpg)
![](bc 030 1803 John R. Jewillt118.jpg)
![](bc 031 1808 Fraser adventure.jpg)
![](bc 032 1808 Fraser.jpg)
Simon Fraser Descending the Fraser River, 1808. Simon Fraser descend le fleuve Fraser, 1808. LAC Acc. No. 1972-26-6, Charles William Jefferys, 1920s or 1930s?
"Had it not been for Aboriginal guides, Aboriginal food supplies, Aboriginal transportation methods, Aboriginal medicines, and Aboriginal technology to mend canoes, Simon Fraser probably would have never achieved his goal. It is well established in our oral history that Logshom guided Simon Fraser more than three hundred kilometers through Secwepemc territory and turned him over to the Stl'al'imx (Lillooet) people to guide him further."
Bev Sellars, Price Paid The Fight for First Nations Survival
![](bc 033 1808 Simon Frasers Canoes Descending the Fraser River.jpg)
Simon Fraser’s Canoes Descending the Fraser River, John Innes & G.H. Southwell, 1925
![](feb22-19%201808%20Simon%20Fraser%20Innes.jpg)
![](feb22-19%20feb22-19%201808%201911%2004%2022%20Fraser.jpg)
![](bc 034 1808 00 00 Fraser.jpg)
Simon Fraser in the Black Canyon, 1808, John Innes, 1925
![](bc 035 1808 Fraser hostile.jpg)
![](bc 036 1848 First Salmon.jpg)
![](bc 038a 1812 North Westers4.jpg)
![](DeFib 1826 packhorseREPLACE.jpg)
![](bc 038b 1825 map260.jpg)
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The Hudson's Bay Company Fur Brigade Passing Down the Okanagan, 1825-1847, John Innes, 1925 (see Fur Brigade theme)
![](bc 040 1828 1926 09 25 Fort. St. James.jpg)
![](bc 041 1828 Chief Trader Archibald McDonald descending the Fraser.jpg)
Chief Trader Archibald McDonald and George Simpson descending the Fraser River, 1828, Hudson's Bay Company Archives, Adam Sherriff Scott, ca. 1942
![](Mar%201%202023%201843%20REPLACE%20Douglas%20Victoria.jpg)
Enterprise - Hudson's Bay Company Chief Factor, James Douglas, landing from the Cadboro at Clover Point to select site for Fort Victoria, 1843, George Southwell, 1935
![](May%207%202021%201843%20A%20painting%20of%20James.jpg)
1843 A painting of James Douglas marking location for Fort Victoria, John David Kelly, BC Archives B-00245
LABOUR
![](DeFib 1843 Victoria Southwell.jpg)
Murals prepared for the rotunda at the BC Legisture by George Southwell in 1933. He was asked to illustrate "the historical qualities necessary for the establishment of a civilization [Courage 1792, Enterprise 1843, Labour 1843 and Justice 1874]."
"The notion implied in these murals ¬— that colonial power was established here with a dab of ceremony and no subsequent heartache, loss, dislocation, political danger, set-back or risk for any of the participants — is simply childish."
Michael Scott, "A critic's advice: Take the murals down," The Vancouver Sun, 20 April 2001
[The depictions of colonial times are] "highly offensive, demeaning and degrading."
Criticism by aboriginal leaders, The Vancouver Sun, 20 April 2001
"They [the murals] are fables, in a way. They are historical events that happened, but not that way. They are scenes that were invented [interpretations]. . . Southwell is believed to have been sympathetic to aboriginals, and his depiction of them in murals in the legislature was progressive. Until that time, the only aboriginal representation on the grounds was a statue of the Indian chief Maquinna. I think in their day, [the murals] were a brave statement about bringing British Columbians together in their historical and cultural context."
Art historian Martin Segger
"[The murals] may be reflective of attitudes of white people at the time, but that doesn't make them right . . . [they] depict a relationship with aboriginal people that – if it ever existed – is over."
Bill Wilson of the First Nations Summit Task Force
![](bc 043 1843 Victoria259.jpg)
James Douglas Building the Hudson's Bay Post at Victoria, 1843, John Innes, 1925
![](bc 044 1843 Fort Victoria needs work.jpg)
![](DeFib 1846 map.jpg)
![](Summer 1846 03 00 Can US.jpg)
![](bc 046 1846 01-06 Oregon.jpg)
![](bc 047 1846 Oregon.jpg)
![](Sep%209%202021%201846%20Oregon%20War%20or%20No%20War2.jpg)
War or No War
MAN ON THE LEFT:"Ike! say the 49th & let's settle it amercably."
THE OTHER RESPONDS: "No Sir-ree I goes for the hull of Oregon or none--I do & don't do nor-thin else."
Odham, Thomas.; Palmer, F. (Fanny), 1812-1876.; F. & S. Palmer (Firm), 1846, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons
![](May%207%202021%201846%20Boundary%20monument.jpg)
Boundary monument at Point Roberts, Treaty of Washington 15th June 1846, created 1861, LC2005680441
![](feb22-19%201847%2004%2000%20Victoria.jpg)
Return of a war party, Fort Victoria, Paul Kane, 1847
![](bc 050 1849 coal.jpg)
1849
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A First Nations family placer mining with sluice boxes and gold pans at the confluence of the Thompson and Fraser River near Lytton, British Columbia Archives, D-06815, 1890
"Gold was first found on Thompson's River by an Indian ¼ of a mile below Nicomin [sic]. The Indian was taking a drink out of the river. Having no vessel, he was quaffing from the stream when he perceived a shining pebble which he picked up and it proved to be gold. The whole tribe forthwith began to collect the glittering metal."
Governor James Douglas
"I have . . . sent a supply of shovels, washing pans and picks to the Indian diggers who will receive every encouragement at our hands to induce them to work the auriferous streams."
Governor James Douglas, 1857-58
![](Feb%2020%202024%201857%2007%2000%20gold%20panning%20Chinese%20Hutchings%20California%20Magazine%20SF.jpg)
Hutching's California Magazine, San Francisco, July 1857
![](bc 051 1858 mts Fraser106.jpg)
![](May%207%202021%201858%20Mifflin%20Gibbs.jpg)
Mifflin Gibbs, BC Archives B-01601
At the invitation of Governor James Douglas, Mifflin Gibbs brought 600 black families from California to Victoria in 1858 Gibbs was a successful black activist, businessman and politician.
Lee Marvin, Wand'rin Star from Paint Your Wagon
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X5kq12xf1Uk
I'm On My Way, Paint Your Wagon
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qaUm38Vs_kc
![](bc 052 1858 up the Fraser.jpg)
MINERS' SONG ON FRAZER RIVER. BY W. H. D.
Where mighty waters foam and boil,
And rushing torrents roar,
In Frazer River's northern soil,
Lies hid the golden ore.
CHORUS.
Far from home, far from home,
On Fraser River's shore,
We labor hard, so does our bard,
To dig the golden ore.
Far, from home we miners roam,
We feel its joys no more;
These we have sold for shining gold
On Frazer River's shore.
Each mountain height is shrouded white
From the Snow-King's icy store;
At them we gaze, thro' storms and haze,
And wish the winter o'er.
In cabins rude, our daily food
Is quickly counted o'er,
When home we come at set of sun.
To greet us at the door.
At night we smoke, then crack the joke,
Try cards till found a bore:
Our good-night said, we go to bed,
To dream of home once more.
With luck at last, our hardships past,
We'll start for home once more,
And greet the sight, with wild delight,
Of California's shore.
And when on shore, we never more
Will roam through all our lives;
A home we'll find, just to our mind,
And make our sweethearts––wives.
LAST CHORUS.
Then home again, home again,
From a foreign shore,
We'll sing how sweet our heart's delight
With our dear friends once more.
Emory's Bar, Fraser River, July 1859. Hutching's California Magazine, San Francisco.
![](feb22-19%201858%2000%2000%20gold%20map.jpg)
![](Oct1%201858%2008%2002%20Harrison.jpg)
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![](feb22-19%201858%20MinersREPLACE.jpg)
![](bc 056 1858 licence.jpg)
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1848 "Judge Lynch" California Vigilants, painting by Stanley Berkeley, 1905. Miscellaneous items in High Demand, 1905, PPOC, Library of Congress, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons
"From the beginning of the gold rush, British Columbia's Native Peoples, particularly those along the Cariboo Trail (Okanagan) and in the Fraser Canyon, were confronted with an influx of miners, packers, cattle drovers (cowboys), and settlers that could only be seen as an invasion of their territory. The majority of these incomers were from California or other areas of the Pacific Northwest, where the attitude toward the Native Peoples was distinctly racist. . . inevitably incidents arose in British Columbia from a lack of appreciation on the part of newcomers from the south that the Native Peoples were regarded as equals under British law."
Ken Mather, Trail North The Okanagan Trail of 1858-68 and it Origins in British Columbia and Washington
"[Speaking to the miners near Yale Governor Douglas says he] spoke with great plainness of speech to the white miners, who were nearly all foreigners . . . [that] they were permitted to remain there merely on sufferance; that no abuses would be tolerated; and that the laws would protect the rights of the Indian, no less than those of the white man."
Governor Douglas to Lord Stanley, 1858
![](Feb%2021%202024%201858%20John%20Ross%20Brown%20Protecting%20the%20Settlers%20The%20Indians%20of%20California%201864.jpg)
John Ross Brown, "Protecting the Settlers", The Indians of California, 1864
[The handiwork of these well armed death squads combined with the widespread and random killing of Indians by miners resulted in the death of thousands of Indians in the first year of the California gold rush. - California Indian History, State of California.]
![](DeFib 1858 canyon warREPLACE.jpg)
![](Oct%2015%202022%201858%20Canyon%20War.jpg)
Rare books and special collection UBC
![](Canuck 1858 Cariboo Trail.jpg)
On the Old Cariboo Trail, J. D. Kelly
![](bc 059 1858 Fort Langley2.jpg)
![](May%207%202021%201859%20Begbie%20.jpg)
1859 Judge Peter O'Reilly, Chief Justice Matthew Baillie Begbie, and Captain H.M. Ball, Gold Commissioner. G.R. Fardon, BC Archives, A-01102
![](bc 060 1858 Douglas-Begbie.jpg)
James Douglas taking the oath as First Governor of BC, Fort Langley, 19 November 1858, John Innes, 1925
![](bc 061 1858 Fort Langley.jpg)
British Columbia becomes a colony, 19 November 1858
![](bc 062 1859 marines e006610103-v6.jpg)
Marines Camp, Fraser River. LAC Acc. No. 1989-171-29, William Willis, 1859
![](Jul%2026%202024%201859%20potlatch%20Fort%20Hope.jpg)
Grand Potlatch, Fort Hope, 1859
![](bc 063 1859 Nanaimo c009561k.jpg)
Nanaimo, The Coaling Station at Vancouver Island, 1859. LAC C-009561, Edward D. Panter-Downes, 1859
![](DeFib 1859 San Juan Islands.jpg)
"Soon our banner will be streaming––
Soon the eagle will be screaming,
And the lion––see it cowers,
Hurrah, boys, the river's ours.
Now, hurrah, nor wait for calling,
For the Fraser river's falling."
Pioneer and Democrat, Olympia, Washington, 5 November 1859
![](bc 065a 1859 Pig War.jpg)
![](bc 065b 1860 0681860 Victoria c001893k.jpg)
View of Victoria. Vue de Victoria, LAC C-001893, 1860?
"Settlement is the land grab we know as settler colonialism."
Jean Barman
![](May%207%202021%201860%20Sir%20James%20a.jpg)
Sir James and Lady Douglas; composite photo ca. 1880 based on 1860s photos, BC Archives A-01230
[Governor James Douglas was born in British Guiana. His father was a Scottish planter and merchant from Glasgow. His mother was a Barbadian Creole (someone of mixed African and European ancestry who was not a slave), making him a "Scotch West Indian". Douglas married Amelia Connolly, the half Indian daughter of the chief factor of Fort St. James (Cree and Metis).]
![](bc 066 1860 Yale LAC Acc. No. R9266-1550e002291379.jpg)
Fort Yale and the Gold Hunters' Camp, Frazer's River. LAC Acc. No. R9266-1550 Peter Winkworth Collection of Canadiana, ca. 1860
![](May%2011%202020%201862%20Fort%20Yale.jpg)
![](bc 067 1860 12 00 ho for Fraser.jpg)
![](bc 068 1860-64 rifle LACc022626.jpg)
Negro Volunteer Military Company [Victoria Pioneer Rifles] formed between 1860 - 1862, disbanded in 1863 – 1864, LAC C-022626, Charles Gentile, ca. 1860-1864
[The black Volunteer Military Company [Victoria Pioneer Rifle Corps] was formed at the time of a war scare with the Americans over the San Juan border dispute. They were officially sworn in soon after the start of the American civil war in 1861. Blacks at the time were excluded from membership in the fire brigade. The corps were discouraged when prominent black colonists were refused tickets to a banquet honouring Governor Douglas on the eve of his retirement and when they were not allowed to march in a parade welcoming the new governor to the colony in 1864. LAC C-022626, Charles Gentile, ca. 1860-1864]
https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/victoria-pioneer-rifle-corps-1861-1865/
![](Canuck 1864 gold panning.jpg)
Panning for gold, Provincial Archives of BC, William Hind, 1864?
![](Feb 19 18 1905 cabin.jpg)
![](xmas17 1903 gold rush.jpg)
Miner's Own Book, 1858
![](Canuck 1864 Chinese gold pannin996.jpg)
![](bc 070 1860 NWest.jpg)
New Westminster, The Capital of British Columbia. LAC Acc. No. R9266-1554 Peter Winkworth Collection of Canadiana, F. L. Pope
![](May%207%202021%201860%20Sternwheeler.jpg)
Sternwheeler Near Hope, 186-, BC Archives D-01083
![](Summer 1862 Yale.jpg)
![](dec%209%202022%201860%2004%2000%20packing%20earth%20Harper's%20New%20Monthly%20Magazine.jpg)
Packing earth, Harper's New Monthly Magazine, April 1860
![](feb22-19%201862%20Gold%20rushREPLACE.jpg)
Finding Placer Gold by Pioneer Miners in the Cariboo, 1858, John Innes, 1925
![](feb22-19%201862%20Map%20of%20bc2.jpg)
Gold Regions British Columbia, Compiled from Sketches and information by His Excellency James Douglas, C.B. Governor of British Columbia and Vancouver Island, -and from data obtained from the most intelligent and reliable Miners, Gust. Epner, San Francisco, 1862
![](bc 071 1862 Cariboo Wagon Road.jpg)
![](Feb%2020%202024%201862%2003%2018%20smallpox%20The%20British%20Colonist%20Victoria%20Brother%20Jonathan%20arrived%2012%20March.jpg)
The British Colonist, Victoria, 18 March 1862
![](bc 072 1862 overlanders.jpg)
The Overland Pioneers Journeying Through the Rockies, 1862, John Innes, 1925
![](bc 073 1862 overlanders.jpg)
![](bc 075 1863 Black Canyon painting.jpg)
The Fraser Canyon by Frederick Whymper, 1863?, Image PDP00107 courtesy of
Royal BC Museum, BC Archives
![](bc 076 1863 Alexandra bridge.jpg)
![](bc 077 1863 Boston Bar Indians c088948.jpg)
Indian group at Boston Bar. LAC C-088948, 1863-1867
Smallpox epidemic, April 1862 - fall 1863.
"In over the 18 months that began in April of 1862, at least half and perhaps well over half of all the people living in B.C. – most of them first nations – perished in a single event .
During the Spanish Flu pandemic of 1918, . . . the mortality rate in Canada was 6.1 per cent. . . . The mortality rate for the 1862 smallpox epidemic was greater than 60 per cent. . .
Anglican Bishop George Hills visited the Haida and Heiltsuk camps. The sick, burning with fever, threw themselves into the sea. The helpless dying lay packed together. The stench was intolerable. 'I have never witnessed such horrible scenes of death, misery, filth and suffering before,' Hill later wrote. . .
These mass deaths tore irreparable holes in the cultural fabric of societies in which oral traditions were the custodians of the genealogies, laws, histories and literature of entire peoples.
And then settlers moved in to occupy apparently vacant lands in some of the richest regions of the province . . .
Those momentous events . . . shaped the B.C. that we inhabit. Their aftershocks continue to shudder through the political and social bedrock of our present in the form of unresolved land claims, inadequate reserve lands as populations finally rebound from their nadir a century ago, and the legacy of marginalized and impoverished communities that have been alienated from resources and are frequently blamed for their impoverishment."
Stephen Hume, "Titanic disasters, selective memories," The Vancouver Sun,
25 April 2012.
"Over sixty men, women and children of this tribe have already fallen victim to the terrible disease [smallpox]. The propriety or otherwise of extending to these poor creatures some slight government relief has been the cause of great anxiety, but I felt that in the face of disallowances which already reach a very heavy sum, I could not take the responsibility of such a step."
Colonial Correspondence, Elwyn to Young, 27 January 1863, F526/1 BCA
![](Canuck 1864 salmon fishing.jpg)
![](bc 078 1863 Yale c001573k.jpg)
Fort Yale, B.C. LAC Acc. No. 1935-124, Frederick Wymper, ca. 1863
![](bc 079 1863 Victoria Acc. No. 1935-125.jpg)
Victoria, Vancouver Island. LAC Acc. No. 1935-125, Frederick Whymper, 1863
![](bc 080 1863 Victoria c114507k.jpg)
Songish Village Opposite Victoria, Vancouver Island. LAC Acc. No. 1981-55-16 David J. Bushnell Collection, Edward Parker Bedwell, before 1863
![](bc 081 1864 Victoria Acc. No. R9266-342.jpg)
Victoria (British Columbia). Acc. No. R9266-342 Peter Winkworth Collection of Canadiana. Edward M. Richardson, 1864
![](Feb 15 18 1864 Mission.jpg)
![](dec%209%202022%201864%2009%20Attack%20on%20village%20in%20Clayoquot%20Sound%20byboats%20of%20HMS%20Sutlej%20and%20HMS%20Devastation,%20J.%20R.%20Mackey%20.jpg)
Attack on village in Clayoquot Sound by boats of HMS Sutlej and HMS Devastation, BC Archives, J. R. Mackey, PDP00084¬_141, 1864
![](DeFib 1864 Bar in Mining camp.jpg)
![](Oct1%201864%20Cabin%20on%20the%20Fraser%20River%20WGR%20Hind%20McCord%20Museum%20M471%20(1).jpg)
Cabin on the Fraser River, BC, W.G.R. Hind, McCord Museum M471
![](dec%209%202022%201864%20Gold%20Digger,%20BC,%20William%20Hind%20BC%20Archives.jpg)
Gold Digger, William Hind, BC Archives PDP00026_141
Far From Home
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UbNBKFox3Jg
Young Man From Canada
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3NrYUPW9ZZc
Teaming up the Cariboo Road
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TahHRipIcqY
http://www.songsforteaching.com/socialstudies/canada/cariboucaribooroadbritishcolumbia.htm
The Lousey Miner
http://twain.lib.virginia.edu/roughingit/map/minlousy.html
![](Summer 1864 00 00 Port Douglas.jpg)
The Population of Port Douglas (1864?)
Coloured men 8
Mexicans and Spaniards 29
Chinese 37
French and Italians 16
Central Europe 4
Northern Europe 4
Citizens of the United States 73
British Subjects 33
Total 206
![](dec%209%202022%201864%201869%2004%2024%20whiskey%20Harper's%20Weekly.jpg)
Whiskey, Harper's Weekly, New York, 24 April 1869
![](Canuck 1864 Port Douglas in 1977.jpg)
Port Douglas 1976
![](Canuck 1864 Port Douglas native.jpg)
Port Douglas 1995
![](xmas17 1862 1887 saloon.jpg)
![](bc 083 1864 Hind hiker2.jpg)
A miner in the Rocky Mountains, by William Hind, 1864. Image PDP00028 courtesy of Royal BC Museum, BC Archives
![](Feb 15 18 1864 29 Mile House d-07905_141.jpg)
29 Mile House, Tenass Lake
![](bc 084 1864 00 00 29 Mile House.jpg)
![](May%207%202021%201864%2029%20mile%201862%20Cheadle.jpg)
![](May%207%202021%201864%20British%20Columbia%20Miners.jpg)
British Columbia Miners, W. G. R. Hind, 1864, BC Archives PDP00014
![](Canuck 1864 Harrison Hike 1976.jpg)
![](Apr%2026%202024%201863%20%2029%20Mile%20House%20D-07905%20BC%20Archives.jpg)
29 Mile House, 1863 BC Archives D-07905
![](Canuck 1864 Sternwheeler Harrison Lake but may be 29 mile house.jpg)
Sternwheeler on Tenass Lake, 29 Mile House
![](Canuck 1864 Lillooet Lake.jpg)
Lillooet Lake 1995
![](Oct1%201864%20WGR%20Hind%20Chinese%20Gold%20Washer%20on%20the%20Fraser%20River,%20BC,%20McCord%20M609.jpg)
Chinese Gold Washers on the Fraser River, BC, McCord, M609
![](bc 086 1864 00 00 Chinese hikin433.jpg)
![](bc 087 1864 00 00 LIllooet.jpg)
![](bc 088 1864 00 00 Anderson Lake429.jpg)
![](Canuck 1865 C-088931Lillooet natives.jpg)
Lillooet Indians., LAC C-088931, Charles Gentile, Lillooet, 1865
![](May%207%202021%201864%20Scene%20at.jpg)
Scene at the Fountain near Parsonville, Fraser River, The London Illustrated News, 17 December 1864, BC Archives PDP02610
![](Oct%2015%202022%201864%20Chilcotin%20War%201.jpg)
![](Jun%2013%202023%201864%20replace%20Chilcotin%20warriors.jpg)
![](Oct%2015%202022%201864%20Chilcotin%20War%203.jpg)
Chilcotin War
https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/what-really-happened-in-the-chilcotin-war-the-1864-conflict-that-just-prompted-an-exoneration-from-trudeau
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraser_Canyon_War
"In the summer and fall of 1862 the Tsilhqot'in people died by the thousands. At least 70 percent of the whole population perished from one cause alone [smallpox]. . . This was a truly great calamity. . . Native people universally believed settlers had imported and spread smallpox among them for their land. . . The British Crown hung five Tsilhqot'in officials. This was one of the most dramatic moments in all Canadian history. BC Colonial officials had chosen to pretend these Tsilhqot'in were common criminals. Murderers. The Tsilhqot'in people knew them instead as martyrs. True noble men who died serving their people by faithfully following the established law and by honorably defending the people in a just war against a proven aggressor."
Tom Swanky, The True Story of Canada's "War" of Extermination On the Pacific plus The Tsilhqot'in and other First Nations Resistance
"We meant war not murder."
War leader defence
"The Tsilhqot'in were induced by a false promise [a peace conference with the Governor]."
Matthew Baillie Begbie
![](Nov%2024%202023%201864%20Klatsassan%20hung%20drawn%201873.jpg)
[Klatassine was one of the Tsilhqot'in leaders hung in 1864. Drawn by the missionary Robert Christopher Lundin Brown in 1873].
"Madame Speaker, I stand here today in this Legislature, 150 years later, to say that the province of British Columbia is profoundly sorry for the wrongful arrest, trial and hanging of the six chiefs and for the many wrongs inflicted by past governments. . . Smallpox, which by some reliable historical accounts there is indication was spread intentionally. . . To the extent that it falls within the power of the province of British Columbia, we confirm without reservation that these six Tsilhqot’in chiefs are fully exonerated of any crime or wrongdoing."
Premier Christy Clark, 2014
![](Oct%2015%202022%201864%20Chilcotin%20War%204.jpg)
![](bc 089a 1864 00 00 stage coach.jpg)
Teaming Up the Cariboo Road
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TahHRipIcqY
![](Oct%2015%202022%20John%20Innes%20Cariboo%20Road.jpg)
John Innes
![](feb22-19%201864%201898%2001%2022%20wagon%20road.jpg)
![](bc 090 1865 Cariboo_Road.jpg)
Cariboo - wagon road 17 miles above Yale River. LAC PA-023270
![](May%207%202021%201865%201868%20-1869%20Jackass%20Mtn.jpg)
On the Cariboo Road, Jackass Mountain. 1867-68, LAC C-037836
![](bc 092 1864 Cariboo mine.jpg)
![](bc 093 1864 Cariboo mine2130.jpg)
![](Sep%209%202021%201874%20(1971)%20June%20native%20land.jpg)
![](bc 094a 1864 Longhousee Acc. No. R9266-343.jpg)
Interior of a Salish Longhouse. LAC Acc. No. R9266-343 Peter Winkworth Collection of Canadiana, Edward M. Richardson, 1864
![](bc 094b 1864 grave e000996109.jpg)
A Salish Grave, British Columbia. Une tombe Salish. LAC R9266-344 Collection de Canadiana Peter Winkworth, Edward M. Richardson, ca.1864
![](bc 095 1864 Williams Lake Acc.no.1937-133-1 c113019k.jpg)
Williams Lake Indians. Les indiens du lac Williams. LAC Acc. No. 1937-133-1, Edward M. Richardson
![](DeFib 1866 Alexandra Lodge c034945.jpg)
Drink shop on road to Cariboo Mines. Mule and bullock teams stopping. (Alexandra Lodge at Chapman's Bar) LAC C-034945, 1866?
![](bc 096 1864-64 00 00 New West.jpg)
![](Oct1%201865%2004%2000%20telegraph.jpg)
![](Oct1%201865%2007%2017%20cricket.jpg)
![](Oct1%201866%2000%2000%20Fenians.jpg)
![](bc 097 1864-67 Alexandra BridgeC-088889c088889.jpg)
Alexandra Suspension Bridger over Fraser Rivern the Fraser River, 14 miles above Yale. C-088889, Charles Gentile, 1864-67
![](DeFib 1867 cariboo roadc029180.jpg)
Part of Cariboo Road B.C. LAC Francis McLennan C-029180, 1867-68
![](Feb 15 18 1866 hurdy gurdy.jpg)
![](feb22-19%201868%20Alturas%20Gold%20Mining%20Co.jpg)
Alturas Gold Mining Co. in Stout's Gulch, near Barkerville, Frederick Daily, ca. 1868,
BC Archives A-04919
![](May%207%202021%201868%20Neversweat%20.jpg)
Shaft Entrance Of Neversweat Tunnel Co. Claim, Williams Creek, 1868?, BC Archives A-00937
![](May%207%202021%201871%2007%2001%20Barkerville.jpg)
Barkerville Library, with Mr. and Mrs. John Bowron in the doorway, Mr. and Mrs. D. Davison in door of grocery shop, 1 July 1871, BC Archives, A-03770
![](May%207%202021%201875%20Main%20Street.jpg)
Main Street, Barkerville; cattle drive, 1875, BC Archives A-03787
[Over 22,000 cattle were driven north from California, Oregon and Washington, via the Okanagan Valley, to the upper Fraser River and Barkerville. between 1859 and1868. Other supplies came this way until the Cariboo Wagon Road was completed.]
![](Feb 15 18 1866 Jean Baptiste Lolo.jpg)
![](Feb 15 18 1865 gold escort.jpg)
![](DeFib 1868 Yale c000294.jpg)
Yale, B.C. LAC Frederick Dally, C-000294, 1867-68
![](bc 099 1865 00 00 bars USA.jpg)
![](bc 100 1868 wagon road LAC C-034943c034943.jpg)
Cariboo Road at Yale showing Miss Irving and Miss Brown. LAC C-034943, Dally Frederick, 1868
![](bc 101 1866 Chinese man PA-125990.jpg)
Chinese man washing gold. LAC PA-125990, Chinese man washing gold. LAC PA-125990, 1875
![](bc 102 1865 00 00 cariboo wagon.jpg)
![](bc 103 1868 00 00 Boothroyd.jpg)
![](bc 104 1868 Great Bluff.jpg)
![](bc 105 1867 00 00 Alaska.jpg)
(see Alaska Boundary Dispute theme)
![](Feb 15 18 1868 de Cosmos Confed.jpg)
"A Lover of Beauty on his way to Yale:"; a cartoon in sugar of John Gustavus Norris, Amor De Cosmos and Mifflin Wistar Gibbs; delegation to the Confederation League convention in Yale; created by Victoria confectioner Andrew W. Piper. BC Archives, A-01225, 1868
![](bc 107 1869 11 05 railway2.jpg)
![](bc 108a 1869 Barkerville2 1869.jpg)
![](May%2011%202020%201870%201941%20population.jpg)
![](Oct1%201870%2005%2001%20May%20Day.jpg)
![](Oct1%201870%20debate.jpg)
![](bc 108b 1870 Confed.jpg)
![](bc 108c 1871 railways 1871.jpg)
"The early history of British Columbia features San Francisco, Honolulu and Canton (Guangzhou) rather than Ottawa, New York, London or Paris."
Margery Fee
![](bc 109 1870 potlatch c024286.jpg)
A view of an Indian village. Village indien de la Colombie-Britannique. LAC C-024286, ca. 1870
[In 1872, the first British Columbia Legislative Assembly passed the Qualification and Registration of Voters Act, 1872, preventing both Indigenous and Chinese peoples from voting in provincial elections.]
JUSTICE
![](DeFib 1874 treaties.jpg)
[The man seated at the head of the table in the red uniform is B.C.'s Indian commissioner. It depicts a famous scene from the 1874 meeting of Powell with 12 Clinton-area tribes, where Powell listened to and discussed various issues with each of the chiefs, in particular the lack of treaties and inadequate size of land grants. Matthew Baillie Begbie is standing opposite a chief. Powell unsuccessful championed proper reserves four times the size proposed by the province.]
![](bc 111 1875-77potlatchLAC e008303330-v6.jpg)
Indian Potlach - Vancouver Indians. LAC e008303330, ca. 1875-1877
![](DeFib 1878 Cariboo teams a023269.jpg)
Teaming on Cariboo wagon road. LAC PA-023269, 1878-83
![](Summer 1879 12 20 Lions Share.jpg)
![](bc 112 1879 01 11 de Cosmos.jpg)
![](bc 113a 1879 04 26 Amor de Cosmos c072064.jpg)
THE HEATHEN CHINESE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA
AMOR DE COSMOS: "The Love of the World or the Lover of Mankind."
HEATHEN CHINEE: "Why you sendee me offee?"
A. D. C.: "Because you can't or won't 'assimilate' with us."
HEATHEN CHINEE: "What is datee?"
A. D. C.: "You won't drink whiskey, and talk politics and vote like us."
LAC, C-072064 J. Weston Canadian Illustrated News, 26 April 1879
![](DeFib 1880 Yale.jpg)
![](bc 113b 1880 Vancouver loggingc011040kMikan no. 2896171.jpg)
A Logger's Camp on Vancouver Island. LAC Acc. No. 1989-201-32, E. Sandys, 1880-1900
![](Feb 15 18 1881 09 17 De Cosmos.jpg)
![](bc 115 1885 CPRa022531.jpg)
Canadian Pacific Railway construction between Yale and Boston Bar, B.C. Tunnel No. 4, 2 miles above Yale, looking down valley. LAC PA-022531, Richard Maynard, 1881
![](Sep%209%202021%201883%2001%2027%20Yale%20Tour%20of%20Marquis%20of%20Lorne%20Vol%20XXVII%20no%20687%20age%20Fotostock.jpg)
The Graphic, London, 27 January 1883
![](bc 116 1884 Chinese workers.jpg)
![](bc 117 1885 11 07 CPR Officials.jpg)
Donald A. Smith driving the last spike to complete the Canadian Pacific Railway, Lac C-003693, Alexander Ross, 7 November 1885
(see CPR theme)
![](bc 118 1886 Macdonald.jpg)
Sir John A. Macdonald Crossing the Rockies Over the Newly Constructed Canadian Pacific Railway, 1886, The Western Home Monthly, Winnipeg, July 1917
![](bc 119 1887 00 00 cariboo road e000756685.jpg)
![](bc 120 1887 NW c011035k.jpg)
New Westminster, Colombie-Britannique. LAC Acc. No. 1989-446-30, Edward Roper, 1887-1909
![](Feb 15 18 1891 potlatch045.jpg)
![](Feb 15 18 1891 potlatch2.jpg)
![](Feb 15 18 1891 salmon netting.jpg)
![](bc 122b 1895 sugerposter.jpg)
1895, BC Sugar, Courtesy of Brent Axelson
![](Feb 15 18 1900 processing-ooligan.jpg)
Processing Ooligan Grease on Nass River, ca. 1880s. BC Archives C-07432
![](DeFib 2 1903 map.jpg)
![](Feb%2020%202024%201902%2007%2012%20Panama%20Canal%20Harpers%20Weekly%20NY.jpg)
Harper's Weekly, New York, 12 July 1902
[The United States decided to build the Panama Canal in 1902. It was finished in 1914, bringing European markets much closer to BC.]
![](Summer 1903 09 00 grab all.jpg)
![](bc 123 1907 02 01 CPR IN BC.jpg)
![](Summer 1907 09 00 Japan.jpg)
![](Feb 15 18 1910 UBC.jpg)
![](bc 125 1911 11 18 Panama.jpg)
![](Summer 1911 06 16 northland.jpg)
![](Summer 1912 01 29 railways.jpg)
![](feb22-19%201913%2012%2019%20speculators.jpg)
![](Summer 1913 05 02 peace river.jpg)
![](Summer 1913 08 13 resources.jpg)
![](Summer 1913 11 07 Nov.miner.jpg)
![](Summer 1913 12 02 prostitution.jpg)
![](May%2011%202020%201913%2012%2020%20tag%20day.jpg)
![](feb22-19%201914%2001%2023%20advertiser2.jpg)
![](feb22-19%201914%2003%2013%20coal%20strike2.jpg)
![](Summer 1914 04 06 BC resources456.jpg)
![](bc 129 1914 05 21 shadows.jpg)
![](bc 130 1914 05 26 Komagat962.jpg)
![](bc 131a 1914 06 05 Komagata.jpg)
![](bc 131b 1914 08 10 choice.jpg)
![](feb22-19%201916%2002%2024%20Bowser2.jpg)
![](bc 131c 1916 05 29 Conundrum130.jpg)
![](feb22-19%201917%2003%2030%20March%20vote.jpg)
![](bc 131d 1917 04 13 April Vimy Ridge.jpg)
![](Oct1%201918%2002%2007%20objectivesREPLACE.jpg)
![](Summer 1920 08 13 resources sale.jpg)
![](Summer 1920 10 11 Oct. booze.jpg)
![](Oct1%201925%2000%2000%20BC.jpg)
![](Summer 1932 02 20 fight317.jpg)
![](Summer 1935 03 20 bridge580.jpg)
![](Summer 1935 05 14 strike.jpg)
![](Summer 1935 camp strike.jpg)
1935
![](bc 131g 1935 06 03 Ottawa.jpg)
![](bc 131h 1935 06 04 Bibliotheque et Archives Canada - C-029399c029399.jpg)
Strikers from unemployment relief camps en route to Eastern Canada during "March on Ottawa". Grévistes de camps d'assistance-chômage en route vers Ottawa durant la " March on Ottawa ". LAC C-029399, June 1935
![](Summer 1938 03 10 Vancouver.jpg)
![](bc 132a 1940 10 01 New West.jpg)
![](May%207%202021%201941%20BC%20pop.jpg)
![](bc 132c 1942 00 00 David Suzuki a187835-v6.jpg)
1942-45 David Suzuki and his two sisters in an internment camp. David Suzuki et ses deux soeurs dans un camp d'internement. LAC, 1976-087, PA-187835
![](bc 133 1942 01 15 Jan. internment.jpg)
![](bc 134 1942 02 03 Feb. map Japanese.jpg)
![](bc 135 1942 02 25 Feb. map Van.821.jpg)
![](bc 136 1942 06 22 2shell.jpg)
![](bc 137 1945 06 00 internment camp PA-142853.jpg)
Internment camp for Japanese – Canadians, June 1945, NFB, LAC PA-142853
![](bc 138 1945 oriental Can.s.jpg)
![](bc 139 1947 02 00 citizenship.jpg)
![](bc 149 1948 06 30 vote.jpg)
![](Oct1%201949%2002%2015%20PGE.jpg)
![](bc 150 1949 03 08 vote.jpg)
![](bc 151 1949 04 17 Calder144.jpg)
Summary of Groups Disenfranchised Provincially in British Columbia
Women
Chinese
Native Indians
Japanese
East Indians
Mennonites
Doukhobors |
Year Disenfrancised
-
1874
1874
1895
1907
1931
1931 |
Year Enfranchised
1917
1847
1849
1849
1847
1848
1852 |
Sooource: Electoral History of British Columbia, 1871-1986
(Victoria: Elections British Columbia, 1988)
![](Dec%2019%201950%2005%2018%20hydro.jpg)
![](Summer 1952 BC story.jpg)
![](Summer 1955 02 15 Alcan.jpg)
![](Oct1%201961%2008%2022%20Columbia.jpg)
![](Summer 1964 12 04 Bennett.jpg)
![](Oct1%201966%2006%2030%20Vancouver.jpg)
![](Summer 1970 08 17 pollution.jpg)
![](Summer 1973 02 26 agr. land.jpg)
![](bc 157 1981 07 10 Musqueam.jpg)
![](bc 158 1990 06 17 Mandella.jpg)
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